What is a brain tumor?
A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the brain or its surrounding tissues. It can affect brain function and lead to various symptoms depending on where and how large it is.
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What are the types of brain tumors? (Benign vs. Cancerous)
Brain and spinal cord (also known as central nervous system, or CNS) tumors can fall into 2 main types: benign and malignant. Each type includes various specific tumors, each with unique characteristics and treatments.
Benign Tumors
Benign types of brain tumors are non-cancerous and typically grow slowly. While they do not spread to other parts of the body, their size and location within the brain can still cause serious health problems.
- Meningiomas. Meningiomas originate from the meninges, which are the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. They are the most common type of benign brain tumor, accounting for about 50% of all brain tumors. Menigiomas cerebral tumor symptoms may include headaches, seizures, and changes in vision or hearing, depending on the tumor's location.
✔️Treatment options range from surgical removal and radiation therapy to observation for small, asymptomatic tumors.
- Pituitary Adenomas. These tumors develop in the pituitary gland, which is responsible for hormone production. Pituitary adenomas are typically benign in approximately 10% of the population. Symptoms can include hormonal imbalances, vision problems, and headaches.
✔️Treatment often involves surgery, medication to control hormone levels, and sometimes radiation therapy.
- Schwannomas. Schwannomas, also known as vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas, originate from Schwann cells, which create the protective sheath around nerves. They are rare, accounting for about 8% of primary brain tumors. Common symptoms include hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and balance issues.
✔️Treatment options include surgical removal, radiosurgery, or regular monitoring, especially if the tumor is small and grows slowly.
Malignant Tumors
Malignant types of brain tumors are cancerous and tend to grow rapidly.
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Gliomas. Gliomas originate from glial cells, which support and protect neurons. They are the most common type of malignant brain tumor. Symptoms can include headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, and neurological deficits.
✔️ Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
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Medulloblastomas. Medulloblastomas are highly malignant tumors that start in the cerebellum, which controls coordination and balance. Commonly found in children, about 20% of pediatric brain tumors are this type. Symptoms include problems with balance and coordination, nausea, and headaches.
✔️ Treatment typically involves surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
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Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas (PCNSL). PCNSL is a type of lymphoma that begins in the brain or spinal cord, where lymphocytes, the immune system's cells, become cancerous and form tumors. This is a rare form of brain cancer, often associated with immunosuppression. Symptoms can include personality changes, confusion, and neurological deficits.
✔️ Treatment generally includes chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
✅Finding the best treatment for brain tumor involves evaluating various options such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the tumor's type, size, and location.
How common are primary brain tumors?
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Primary brain tumors are relatively uncommon. Primary brain tumors originate in the brain itself or in tissues close to it, such as the brain-covering membranes (meninges), nerves, pituitary gland, or pineal gland. They occur at a rate of about 6 cases per 100,000 people annually. Approximately 24,000 new cases of primary brain tumors are diagnosed each year in the United States.
❗ They can occur at any age but are more common in older adults and children.
Secondary brain tumors, also known as metastatic brain tumors, are cancers that start elsewhere in the body and spread to the brain. Secondary brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors and often originate from lung, breast, kidney, or skin cancers.
How is a brain tumor treated in the world's top treatment centers?
Surgical treatment of brain tumor
During the surgery, a patient remains conscious and follows the neurosurgeon's recommendations. This allows the detection of brain areas that control vital functions of an organism and avoids their damage. Surgery is conducted under local anesthesia, which is why the operation is painless for a patient.
It is used to remove the brain tumor without surgery. A doctor does not make any incision but removes neoplasm through the sinuses.
A tumor is removed through 1.5-2 cm openings in the skull. This procedure reduces the injury rate and shortens postoperative rehabilitation. Endoscopic tools penetrate hard-to-reach distant brain areas while applying other surgical methods. The procedure requires special microsurgical equipment and a high degree of neurosurgeon skills.
Non-surgical brain tumor treatment
Among the brain tumor care options are CyberKnife and Truebeam with Novalis linear accelerator (state-of-the-art modification of GammaKnife). These systems influence the neoplasm cells with radioactive irradiation and destroy them.
Except for the standard chemotherapy regimen, doctors of the best brain tumor centers apply intracranial chemotherapy for malignant brain tumors. A surgeon places special plates with a drug right in the brain. It reduces side effects and damage to the rest of the organs. Intracranial chemotherapy is considered a new treatment for brain tumors.
❗These options are not standard. They are appointed individually after a consultation with a doctor.
What causes brain tumors?
Cancer is mainly caused by gene damage inside cells. While the exact reasons for brain cancer are often unknown, research has identified some risk factors. Cancer occurs when genes that control cell growth are damaged, activating oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppressor genes. These gene damages are more likely to happen during a person's lifetime rather than being inherited.
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Genetics. Certain genetic conditions can increase the likelihood of developing brain tumors. For example, neurofibromatosis and Li-Fraumeni syndrome are linked to higher rates of brain tumors.
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Radiation Exposure. Previous exposure to ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing brain tumors. This can include therapeutic radiation treatments or exposure to radiation from nuclear accidents. Radiation therapy, which involves the use of ionizing radiation to target abnormal brain cells, is a treatment method used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
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Family History. If a close relative has had a tumor, the likelihood of developing brain tumors is higher.
Is brain tumor hereditary?
Brain tumors can sometimes have a hereditary component, but in many cases, the exact cause remains unclear. Some types of brain tumors, such as gliomas and meningiomas, have been found to occur more frequently in families with a history of these tumors. Around 5% of gliomas occur with familial features.
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Research on a family with two siblings diagnosed with Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) identified 85 gene variations not present in their healthy parents. This suggests a vital genetic component in GBM development. While GBM can have hereditary aspects, it involves complex genetic factors.
Who is at risk of developing brain tumors?
Several factors can influence the risk of developing a brain tumor:
| Risk Factor |
Description |
| Age |
Risk increases with age; certain types more common in adults (e.g., gliomas). |
| Genetics |
Inherited conditions like neurofibromatosis and Li-Fraumeni syndrome increase risk. |
| Radiation Exposure |
Prior radiation therapy to the head for medical reasons increases risk. |
| Family History |
The presence of specific brain tumor types among close relatives increases the risk. |
| Cancer in the body |
For example, lung cancer can lead to metastatic brain tumors when cancer cells spread from the lungs to the brain. |
| Environmental Factors |
Exposure to ionizing radiation or certain chemicals may increase the risk. |
| Immune System Disorders |
A weakened immune system, such as in individuals with HIV/AIDS, may increase risk. |
| Gender |
Some types are more prevalent in men (e.g., gliomas) or women (e.g., meningiomas) |
Research shows that lifestyle and dietary habits play a significant role in the risk of developing brain tumors. People with stressful, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and habits like alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are at higher risk. Consuming cured meats and certain fruits and vegetables that contain N-nitroso compounds, such as processed meats, smoked foods, and certain preserved vegetables, is also linked to an increased risk. Men are more likely to develop brain tumors than women. To reduce this risk, avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, and managing stress is essentialit's.
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What are the symptoms of a brain tumor?
The symptoms of a brain tumor can vary widely based on the tumor's size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include:
| Symptom |
Description |
| Headaches |
Often severe and persistent, may worsen in the morning. |
| Seizures |
New onset or changes in pattern. |
| Nausea and Vomiting |
Particularly in the morning. |
| Vision Problems |
Blurred vision, double vision, loss of peripheral vision. |
| Cognitive Changes |
Memory problems, confusion, personality changes. |
| Motor Skills Issues |
Difficulty with balance, coordination, weakness in limbs. |
Different regions of the brain control different functions, so the location of a tumor can significantly influence the symptoms experienced. For example, brain tumors can also occur near the pineal gland, which is located deep within the brain and can affect sleep and hormonal functions. Here are some other examples:
| Location |
Symptoms |
| Frontal Lobe |
Personality changes, weakness or paralysis on one side, speech difficulties. |
| Temporal Lobe |
Seizures, memory difficulties, auditory hallucinations. |
| Parietal Lobe |
Spatial awareness problems, sensory disturbances, coordination issues. |
| Occipital Lobe |
Visual disturbances, hallucinations, difficulty recognizing objects. |
| Cerebellum |
Balance and coordination problems, tremors, headaches aggravated by movement. |
| Brainstem |
Eye movement and facial sensation difficulties, weakness, breathing and swallowing issues. |
How long before brain tumor symptoms show?
Symptoms can develop slowly over time or suddenly, depending on the tumor's growth rate. Some tumors grow very slowly and may not show symptoms for years (e.g., 5-10 years), while others may cause symptoms more rapidly (within weeks to months).
How long do brain tumors take to develop?
| Tumor Type |
Growth Rate |
Description of Tumor Type |
Description of Growth Rate |
| Glioblastoma |
Fast |
Highly aggressive malignant tumor, most common in adults. |
Rapidly growing, symptoms often develop within weeks to months. |
| Anaplastic Astrocytoma |
Moderate to Fast |
Malignant tumor that is less aggressive than glioblastoma. |
Relatively fast-growing; symptoms typically develop over months. |
| Low-Grade Astrocytoma |
Slow |
Less aggressive, often benign tumor in brain found in both children and adults. |
Slow-growing; symptoms may take years to develop. |
| Oligodendroglioma |
Slow to Moderate |
Tumors arising from oligodendrocytes can be benign or malignant. |
Can vary, but often slow-growing; symptoms may take months to years to develop. |
| Meningioma |
Very Slow to Moderate |
Typically, benign tumors arising from the meninges are more common in older adults. |
Usually very slow-growing; symptoms can take years to develop. |
| Medulloblastoma |
Fast |
Highly aggressive malignant tumor, most common in children. |
Rapidly growing, symptoms develop over weeks to months. |
| Ependymoma |
Moderate |
Tumors arising from ependymal cells can occur in both children and adults. |
Growth rate varies; symptoms develop over months to years. |
How long can you have a brain tumor before knowing?
Some tumors grow very slowly and may not show symptoms for years, while others may cause symptoms more rapidly.
Are there cases where brain tumors do not cause symptoms?
Yes, some brain tumors do not cause symptoms. These are called asymptomatic brain tumors. Several factors can explain this:
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Small Size.
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Location.
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Slow Growth.
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Benign Nature.
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Early Stage.
Asymptomatic tumors are often found accidentally during imaging studies for other reasons, such as head injuries or unrelated medical issues.
❗Regular medical check-ups are essential.
How big can a brain tumor get?
The maximum size a brain tumor can reach depends on multiple factors, including:
- the rate of growth;
- the available space within the skull;
- how long the tumor has been growing before detection.
❗Large tumors can cause increased intracranial pressure, leading to severe symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and neurological deficits.
What is the difference between a brain tumor and brain cancer?
All brain cancers are brain tumors, but not all brain tumors are cancer.
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Brain Tumor. Any abnormal growth of cells in the brain. It can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
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Brain Cancer refers to malignant tumors that multiply, invade nearby tissue, and can spread to other parts of the body.
What are the diagnostic procedures for brain tumors abroad?
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Before the development of a treatment plan, doctors appoint diagnostic procedures. Depending on the symptoms and type of a suspected tumor, a specialist may order:
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blood and urine tests;
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consultation with an ophthalmologist;
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examination of the eyeground;
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MRI (with or without contrast);
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PET-CT;
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tumor biopsy.
Specialists apply a safe biopsy method: a neurosurgeon uses a thin needle through a small 3-4 mm incision to obtain a tissue sample for analysis.
Suppose a patient has already undergone treatment in another hospital and wants to get a second medical opinion. In that case, showing a neurosurgeon all the medical records and MRI images is necessary.
Which blood tests are necessary to confirm a brain tumor diagnosis?
🧪While blood tests alone cannot confirm a brain tumor, they are crucial for checking a patient's overall health and ruling out other conditions during diagnosis. Standard blood tests used include:
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Complete Blood Count (CBC). Measures the levels of red and white blood cells and platelets to check for infections, anemia, and overall health.
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Blood Chemistry Tests. These evaluate the function of vital organs such as the liver and kidneys and check for imbalances in electrolytes and blood sugar levels.
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Tumor Markers. Although not specific to brain tumors, certain markers (like CEA, CA 19-9, and AFP) can indicate the presence of cancer in the body.
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Hormone Levels. If a pituitary adenoma is suspected, blood tests for hormone levels such as prolactin, growth hormone, and ACTH are necessary.
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Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). Elevated levels can be associated with certain types of cancer.
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and C-reactive Protein (CRP). Elevated levels can indicate inflammation, which may be associated with cancer or other conditions.
How much do procedures for brain tumors cost?
These costs represent typical prices and can vary based on the specific hospital, geographic location, and individual patient needs.
| Procedure |
Typical Cost (USD) |
| Brain Tumor Removal (Surgery) |
From $10,000 |
| Gamma Knife |
From $5,000 |
| Proton-Beam Therapy |
From $55,480 |
| Craniotomy |
From $14,000 |
| Tomotherapy |
From $10,000 |
| Radiation Therapy |
From $1,090 |
| CyberKnife |
From $6,800 |
| Consultation with Neurosurgeon |
From $30 |
| Extended Analysis of Blood |
From $10 |
| Brain MRI with Contrast |
From $70 |
| Consultation with Radiologist |
From $30 |
| Brain FDG PET |
From $1,000 |
| CT of the Paranasal Sinuses |
From $30 |
What is brain tumor surgery?
Brain tumor surgery involves the surgical removal of abnormal growths in the brain to improve health by reducing symptoms like headaches and seizures.
The main goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without harming critical brain functions.
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Performed by a neurosurgeon, the surgery typically involves a craniotomy, where part of the skull is temporarily removed to access the brain. The surgeon uses advanced imaging technologies like MRI and CT scans to guide the operation.
As with any major surgery, there are risks, including infection, bleeding, and potential damage to surrounding brain tissue, which can lead to neurological deficits.
Hospital stays usually last 3-10 days, and full recovery can take weeks to months, depending on the complexity of the surgery and the patient's overall health.
How much does brain tumor surgery cost?
The cost of brain tumor surgery abroad can vary widely based on the complexity of the surgery, the hospital, and the geographic location. On average, the price typically starts from $10,000.
How to treat brain tumor?
Treating a brain tumor involves different methods depending on the tumor type, where it is, how big it is, and the patient's health.
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Surgery. Аims to remove as much of the tumor as possible without harming vital brain functions.
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Radiation Therapy. High-energy rays target tumor cells. The Gamma Knife provides precise, non-invasive treatment. Proton-beam therapy targets tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue. Tomotherapy and CyberKnife accurately target tumors, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
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Chemotherapy. Drugs like temozolomide kill or stop the growth of cancer cells and can be taken orally or through an IV. It's commonly used for aggressive tumors like glioblastomas.
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Targeted Therapy. Drugs like bevacizumab target specific molecules involved in tumor growth, sparing normal cells. This is often used for recurrent tumors.
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Immunotherapy. Boosts the immune system to fight the tumor. Drugs like pembrolizumab are used for metastatic brain tumors.
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Supportive Care. Manages symptoms like seizures, swelling, and pain with medications. Rehabilitation, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy, helps patients recover lost functions.
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Clinical Trials. Offer access to new, experimental treatments. Patients with rare tumors might join trials for new therapies.
How to choose the best hospital for a brain tumor?
While choosing the hospital for brain tumor treatment, take into account:
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Location of the brain tumor hospital. Choose the brain tumor hospital that is faster to reach from your country. This mainly concerns cases when a patient needs urgent surgical intervention.
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Neurosurgeon's qualification. Experienced doctors undergo practice at the world's leading medical centers; they have certificates and favorable patient reviews. Doctors of the best brain tumor treatment centers remove a tumor by applying a particular surgical robot. It provides higher accuracy and shortens the rehab period. Pay attention to the fact that world-renowned neurosurgeons may ask for a higher fee.
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The presence of a neuronavigation system is a crucial factor to consider. This advanced technology allows the surgeon to control all movements, significantly reducing the risk of damaging healthy brain tissues during surgery. Its presence in a hospital's arsenal should instill confidence in the precision of the procedure. The success rate of a brain tumor removal. The brain tumor treatment centers in the world represent a high recovery rate and long life expectancy after surgery. So check this info before choosing the brain tumor hospital.
When searching for the best hospital for brain tumor treatment, consider factors such as the neurosurgeon's qualifications, the hospital's advanced technology, and its success rates for brain tumor removal.
💚On Bookimed, patients can find a curated list of the top 10 brain tumor treatment centers in the world. The best 10 brain tumor treatment centers in the world represent a high recovery rate and long life expectancy after surgery.
Where are top brain tumor treatment centers located?
The best brain tumor hospitals are in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The best country for brain tumor treatment features cutting-edge technology, skilled neurosurgeons, and specialized facilities.
Germany and Spain are among the best countries in Europe to treat brain tumors. Thailand, South Korea, and India are the top ones in Asia, and Turkey is in the Middle East.
These countries offer different prices for brain tumor treatment, but the quality of therapy remains at about the same level because all procedures are performed according to strict international treatment protocols. The cost varies due to the general price policy within the country and the income of local citizens.
How to make an appointment in the best hospital for a brain tumor?
If you want to get the brain tumor treatment in the best hospital, follow these steps:
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Learn info about the best brain tumor treatment centers listed on this page.
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Request a personalized selection process to choose the most suitable tumor center, ensuring your unique needs are met. The bookimed manager contacts you to answer all your questions and schedule the date of your arrival at the brain tumor treatment hospital.
Bookimed cooperates directly with the best brain tumor treatment centers in the world, So Its services are free for patients.
What is the prognosis for brain tumor patients?
The prognosis for brain tumor patients depends on the tumor type and other factors. For benign tumors like meningiomas, the 5-year survival rate is over 90%. Malignant tumors, such as glioblastomas, have a median survival time of 12-18 months and a 5-year survival rate of about 5%. Early detection and advanced treatments can improve outcomes.
Can a brain tumor be cured?
Whether a brain tumor can be cured depends on its type, location, and how early it is detected. Benign tumors like meningiomas can often be removed entirely, leading to a cure. Malignant tumors, such as glioblastomas, are more challenging to cure and usually require ongoing treatment to manage.
Can one live a full life with a brain tumor?
Yes, one can live a full life with a brain tumor, especially if it is benign and treated well. Many people with benign tumors, like meningiomas, lead everyday lives after treatment. Even with malignant tumors, modern treatments can help manage the condition, allowing some patients to maintain a good quality of life.
✅ Regular check-ups are essential for managing symptoms and preventing complications.
What are the potential side effects of brain tumor treatments?
Brain tumor treatments can cause different side effects based on the treatment type and tumor location. It's essential to know these potential effects to handle them well. Doctors aim to manage these side effects to ensure patients have the best quality of life possible.
| Treatment Type |
Common Side Effects |
| Surgery |
Infection, bleeding, neurological deficits (speech, movement, or memory problems). |
| Radiation Therapy |
Fatigue, hair loss, skin irritation, cognitive changes over time. |
| Chemotherapy |
Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, increased risk of infections. |
| Targeted Therapy |
Skin problems, high blood pressure, gastrointestinal issues. |
What are the chances of recurrence after completing treatment for a brain tumor?
Tumors, particularly aggressive ones like Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), can come back after treatment. Research has shown that recurrence is standard, with many tumors reappearing close to the original site. In a study involving 68 patients with recurrent GBM, 69% experienced local recurrences within 1-2 centimeters of the initial tumor area.
Factors like age, sex, and the size of surrounding swelling influenced recurrence rates. Despite treatment, the risk of a brain tumor returning remains significant. However, recurrent tumors can be treated again, often with a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, to manage the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.
Another example is Ependymomas. They can recur after treatment. In a study of 40 patients, 42.5% had complete tumor removal, while 57.5% had partial removal. Despite treatments like radiotherapy and chemotherapy, recurrence is common. The median disease-free survival (DFS) was 22.42 months, with 1, 2, and 3-year DFS rates at 58.5%, 41%, and 30.7%, respectively. Higher radiation doses and lower MIB labeling index improved outcomes. Recurrent ependymomas can be treated again.
How long does brain tumor treatment typically last?
Each patient's treatment plan is individualized, and the duration can vary based on the specific circumstances and response to treatment.
| Treatment Type |
Typical Duration |
| Surgery |
Hospital stay: 3-10 days; recovery: weeks to months. |
| Radiation Therapy |
Daily sessions over 4-6 weeks. |
| Chemotherapy |
Cycles of treatment over 6-12 months or longer. |
| Targeted Therapy |
Continuous or cyclic, often lasting several months to years. |
The brain tumor best treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, tailored to the tumor's type, size, and location, as well as the patient's overall health.
What is the life expectancy of a person with a brain tumor?
Benign tumors like meningiomas generally have a good prognosis, especially if successfully removed. Malignant tumors, such as glioblastomas, have a more challenging outlook with shorter survival times. The location and size of the tumor, along with access to advanced treatments, also play critical roles in determining life expectancy.
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Grade 1 and 2 tumors are considered "low-grade" or benign - they grow slowly and are less likely to spread.
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Grade 3 and 4 tumors are "high-grade" or malignant - they grow more rapidly and are more likely to spread to other parts of the brain.
| Tumor Type |
5-Year Survival Rates by Age Group |
| Astrocytoma |
- Low-grade (grade 2):
20-44 years: 57%
45-54 years: 37%
55-64 years: 10%
- Anaplastic (grade 3):
20-44 years: 48%
45-54 years: 25%
55-64 years: 5%
|
| Oligodendroglioma |
- Low-grade (grade 2):
20-44 years: 57%
45-54 years: 37%
55-64 years: 10%
- Anaplastic (grade 3):
20-44 years: 48%
45-54 years: 25%
55-64 years: 5%
|
| Ependymoma |
- Grade 1-2:
20-44 years: 86%
45-54 years: 80%
55-64 years: 69%
|
| Meningioma |
- Grade 1: 10-year progression-free survival ~80%
- Grade 2 atypical: 10-year progression-free survival ~35%
- Grade 3 anaplastic/malignant: median survival <2 years
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What are the common symptoms of brain and spinal cord tumors?
Common symptoms of brain and spinal cord tumors include headaches, seizures, difficulty with balance or coordination, changes in vision or speech, numbness or weakness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.
Can you have a brain tumor that isn't cancer?
Yes, a patient can have brain tumors that aren't malignant brain tumors — brain tumor cancer. These are called benign brain tumors. Benign brain tumors don't spread to other parts of the body but can still cause significant issues due to their size and location in the brain.
Examples of benign brain tumors include meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and schwannomas.
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References
- Alruwaili AA, De Jesus O. Meningioma. [Updated 2023 Aug 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560538/
- Clinical Biology of the Pituitary Adenoma / S. Melmed et al. Endocrine Reviews. 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnac010 (date of access: 10.07.2024).
- Medulloblastoma: A common pediatric tumor: Prognostic factors and predictors of outcome / L. Kumar et al. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery. 2015. Vol. 10, no. 1. P. 50. URL: https://doi.org/10.4103/1793-5482.151516 (date of access: 10.07.2024).
- CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2015–2019 / Q. T. Ostrom et al. Neuro-Oncology. 2022. Vol. 24, Supplement_5. P. v1–v95. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac202 (date of access: 10.07.2024).
- Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: A Rare Genetic Disorder / F. Tazin et al. Cureus. 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29240 (date of access: 10.07.2024).
- Prognostic factors and survival outcomes of intracranial ependymoma treated with multimodality approach / S. Gupta et al. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. 2017. Vol. 38, no. 4. P. 420. URL: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_202_15 (date of access: 10.07.2024).
